TENSES
Tenses adalah salah satu unsur utamayang
harus difahami oleh para pelajar bahasa inggris agar mampu berbicara serta
membuat kalimat dengan baik dan benar.
Secara
singkat dapat dikatakan bahwa tenses
adalah bentuk kata kerja yang
perubahannya tergantung pada waktu
dan sifat dari suatu kejadian.
Tenses terdiri dari 16 macam yaitu :
1.
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
Kegunaan (function)
-
Untuk menyatakan suatu aktivitas yang sudah
menjadi kebiasaan.
-
Untuk menyatakan suatu kebenaran umum.
-
Untuk mengganti Present Continuous Tense yang tidak bisa di-‘ing’-kan seperti kata
: Love, like, want, agree, believe, know, remember, etc.
Rumus (forms)
Verbal Non-verbal
+
|
S + V1(s/es) + O
|
+
|
S + to be + 3 Complements
|
-
|
S + do/does + not + V1 + O
|
-
|
S + to be + not + 3 Complements
|
?
|
Do/does + S + V1 + O ?
|
?
|
To be(is, am, are)+ S + 3 Complements?
|
Example :
Verbal : (+)
I work at Bank everyday but Sunday
(- ) I don’t work at Bank everyday
(?) Do I work at Bank everyday ?
Non-verbal: (+) you are happy
(-)
you are not happy
(?) Are you
happy ?
Keterangan waktu (Time Signals)
Adverb of frequency : always, often,
sometimes, seldom, ever, never, usually, generally, etc.
Adverb of quantity : once, twice, three
times, etc.
2.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Kegunaan (function)
-
Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang sedang
berlangsung diwaktu sekarang.
-
Untuk menyatakan suatu aktivitas yang akan
berlangsung diwaktu yang akan datang.
Rumus (forms)
Verbal Non-verbal
+
|
S + to be + Ving + O
|
Rumusnya sama dengan rumus simple
present hanya saja time signal continuous harus dicantumkan.
|
-
|
S + to be + not + Ving + O
|
|
?
|
To be(is, am, are) + S + Ving + O ?
|
Example :
Verbal : (+)
I am watering flower in park now
(- ) I am not watering the flower in park now
(?) Am I watering flower in park now ?
Non-verbal: (+) she is sick now
(-)she
is not sick now
(?)is she sick
now ?
Keterangan waktu (Time Signals)
Now,
today, right now, at present, at the moment etc.
3.
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
Kegunaan (function)
-
Untuk menyatakan suatu aktivitas yang sudah terjadi
diwaktu tak tentu dan ditekankan pada hasil pekerjaan yang masih terjadi
diwaktu sekarang.
Rumus (forms)
Verbal Non-verbal
+
|
S + have/has + V3 + O
|
+
|
S + have/has +been + 3 Comp
|
-
|
S + have/has + not + V3 + O
|
-
|
S + have/has + not +been + 3 Comp
|
?
|
Have/has + S + V3 + O ?
|
?
|
Have/has + S + been +3 Complements?
|
Example :
Verbal : (+)
you have cleaned the bedroom
(- ) you have not cleaned the bedroom
(?) Have you cleaned the bedroom ?
Non-verbal: (+) she has been at home
(-)
she hasn’t been at home
(?) Has she
been at home ?
Keterangan waktu (Time Signals)
Recently, already, never, not yet, lately, ever, just,
etc.
4.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Kegunaan (function)
-
Untuk menyatakan suatu aktivitas yang telah
dimulai diwaktu lampau, tetapi masih berlangsung diwaktu sekarang.
Rumus (forms)
Verbal Non-verbal
+
|
S + have/has + been +Ving + O
|
Rumusnya sama dengan rumus present
perfect hanya saja time signal tenses ini harus dicantumkan.
|
-
|
S + have/has + not + been + Ving + O
|
|
?
|
Have/has + S + been + Ving + O ?
|
Example :
Verbal : (+)
Dina has been staying at dormitory for 3 years.
(- ) Dina has not been staying at dormitory for 3
years.
(?)Has Dina been staying at dormitory for 3 years ?
Non-verbal: (+) James and his family have been at
evacuated are for 2 weeks.
(-)James
and his family have not been at evacuated are for 2 weeks.
(?)Have James
and his family been at evacuated are for 2 weeks.?
Keterangan waktu (Time Signals)
For, since, the whole, etc.
5.
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
Kegunaan (function)
-
Untuk menyatakan suatu aktivitas yang telah
terjadi diwaktu lampau.
-
Untuk menyatakan suatu kebiasaan di masa lampau
(sekarang tidak dilakukan lagi).
Rumus (forms)
Verbal Non-verbal
+
|
S + V2 + O
|
+
|
S + to be(was/were) + 3 comp
|
-
|
S + did + not + V1 + O
|
-
|
S + to be + not + 3 comp
|
?
|
Did + S + V1 + O ?
|
?
|
To be + S + 3 comp
|
Example :
Verbal : (+)
You went to surabaya yesterday.
(- ) You did not go to surabaya.
(?) Did you go to
surabaya yesterday?
Non-verbal: (+) you were at office yesterday
(-)you
were not at office yesterday
(?)were you at
office yesterday?
Keterangan waktu (Time Signals)
Yesterday,
this morning, last....(week, month, year, century) ,
(week, month, year, century) .....ago, just now, etc.
6.
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
Kegunaan (function)
-
Untuk menyatakan suatu aktivitas yang sedang
berlangsung diwaktu tertentu dimasa lampau.
-
Untuk menyatakan suatu aktivitas yang sedang
berlangsung disaat kejadian lain sedang berlangsung dimasa yang lampau juga.
Rumus (forms)
Verbal Non-verbal
+
|
S +to be(was/were) + Ving + O
|
Rumusnya sama dengan rumus simple past
hanya saja time signal tenses ini harus dicantumkan.
|
-
|
S + to be + not + Ving + O
|
|
?
|
To be + S + Ving + O ?
|
Example :
Verbal : (+)
they were building the bridge yesterday afternoon.
(- ) they were not building the bridge yesterday
afternoon
(?) were they building the bridge yesterday afternoon?
Keterangan waktu (Time Signals)
Yesterday
afternoon, last night at 7 o’clock, 5 days ago at night, ...when... ,
...while... , etc.
7.
PAST PERFECT TENSE
Kegunaan (function)
-
Untuk menyatakan suatu aktivitas yang sudah
terjadi diwaktu lampau disaat ada aktivitas lain juga terjadi dimasa lampau
pula (dua kejadian berurutan).
Rumus (forms)
Verbal Non-verbal
+
|
S + had + V3 + O
|
+
|
S + had + been + 3 comp
|
-
|
S + had + not + V3 + O
|
-
|
S + had + not + been + 3 comp
|
?
|
Had + S + V3 + O ?
|
?
|
Had + S + been + 3 comp ?
|
Example :
Verbal : (+)
He had gone to movie when you picked him up.
(- ) He had not gone to movie when you picked him up.
(?) Had he gone to movie when you picked him up?
Non-verbal: (+) He had been an English teacher
before I was 10 years old.
(-) He
had not been an English teacher before I was 10 years old.
(?) Had He been
an English teacher before I was 10 years old?
Keterangan waktu (Time Signals)
When,
while, after, before, as soon as , etc.
8.
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Kegunaan (function)
-
Untuk menyatakan suatu aktivitas yang telah
terjadi diwaktu lampau (equivalent dengan present perfect continuous tense)
disaat aktivitas lain juga terjadi diwaktu lampau.
Rumus (forms)
Verbal Non-verbal
+
|
S + had +been + Ving + O
|
Rumusnya sama dengan rumus past
perfect hanya saja time signal tenses ini harus dicantumkan.
|
-
|
S + had + not +been + Ving + O
|
|
?
|
Had + S + been + Ving + O ?
|
Example :
Verbal : (+)
Brazil had been playing soccer for a minute when ronaldo was out.
(- ) Brazil had not been playing soccer for a minute
when ronaldo was out.
(?) Had Brazil been playing soccer for a minute when
ronaldo was out ?
Keterangan waktu (Time Signals)
For...when....
, since...when... , etc.
9.
SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
Kegunaan (function)
-
Untuk menyatakan suatu aktivitas yang akan
terjadi pada waktu yang akan datang.
-
Untuk menyatakan kalimat bersyaarat (Conditional
Sentence) type 1.
-
Untuk menyatakan suatu permintaan (request).
Rumus (forms)
Verbal Non-verbal
+
|
S + will/shall + V1 + O
|
+
|
S + will/shall + be + 3 comp
|
-
|
S + will/shall + not + V1 + O
|
-
|
S + won’t/shan’t + be + 3 comp
|
?
|
Will/shall + S + V1 + O ?
|
?
|
Will/shall + S + be + 3 comp ?
|
Example :
Verbal : (+)
My grand mother will tell you the story.
(- ) My grand mother will not tell you the story.
(?) Will my grand mother tell you the story ?
Non-verbal: (+) My friend will be doctor next week.
(-)
My friend will not be doctor next week .
(?)Will my
friend be doctor next week?
Keterangan waktu (Time Signals)
Tomorrow,
tonight, later, soon, next.... (week,month,year) , etc.
10. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
Kegunaan (function)
-
Untuk menyatakan suatu aktivitas yang sedang
berlangsung diwaktu tertentu di masa yang akan datang.
Rumus (forms)
Verbal Non-verbal
+
|
S + will/shall + be + Ving + O
|
Rumusnya sama dengan rumus simple
future dengan mencantumkan time signal-nya.
|
-
|
S + will/shall + not + be + Ving + O
|
|
?
|
Will/shall + S + be + Ving + O ?
|
Example :
Verbal : (+)
We shall be meeting at 8 o’clock at school tomorrow.
(- ) We shall not be meeting at 8 o’clock at school
tomorrow.
(?) Shall We be meeting at 8 o’clock at school tomorrow?
Keterangan waktu (Time Signals)
When,
while, after, before, as soon as , etc.
11. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
Kegunaan (function)
-
Untuk menyatakan suatu aktivitas yang akan sudah
selesai pada waktu yang akan datang.
Rumus (forms)
Verbal Non-verbal
+
|
S + will/shall + have + V3 + O
|
+
|
S + will/shall + have +been + 3 comp
|
-
|
S + will/shall + not + have + V3 + O
|
-
|
S+won’t/shan’t + have+been + 3comp
|
?
|
Will/shall + S + have + V3 + O ?
|
?
|
Will/shall + S + have +been + 3 comp ?
|
Example :
Verbal : (+)
I will have graduated from senior high school by the end of next May.
(- ) I will not have graduated from senior high school
by the end of next May.
(?) Will I have graduated from senior high school by the
end of next May ?
Non-verbal: (+) Prof.Andi will have been at this
University by the end of this year.
(-)
Prof.Andi will not have been at this University by the end of this year .
(?) Will Prof.Andi
have been at this University by the end of this year ?
Keterangan waktu (Time Signals)
By this
time next, by the end of..., by next... , etc.
12. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Kegunaan (function)
-
Untuk menyatakan suatu aktivitas yang sudah akan
berlangsung dalam jangka waktu tertentu pada masa yang akan datang (masih dalam
proses).
Rumus (forms)
Verbal Non-verbal
+
|
S + will/shall +have + been + Ving + O
|
Rumusnya sama dengan rumus future
perfect dengan mencantumkan time signal-nya.
|
-
|
S +will/shall+not+have +been+ Ving + O
|
|
?
|
Will/shall + S + have + been +Ving + O
?
|
Example :
Verbal : (+)
Roy will have been staying in tambak beras for 2 years by next month.
(- ) Roy will not have been staying in tambak beras
for 2 years by next month
(?) Will Roy have been staying in tambak beras for 2
years by next month ?
Keterangan waktu (Time Signals)
For....by
next.... , by this time next , etc.
13. SIMPLE PAST FUTURE TENSE
Kegunaan (function)
-
Untuk menyatakan suatu aktivitas yang akan
terjadi diwaktu lampau, tetapi rencana tsb gagal dilakukan dan biasanya “would
and should” diartikan dengan “seharusnya”.
-
Untuk menyatakan Conditional Sentence type 2
(kalimat bersyarat), untuk menyatakan suatu hal yang tidak sesuai dengan
kenyataan diwaktu sekarang (present).
Rumus (forms)
Verbal Non-verbal
+
|
S + would/should + V1 + O
|
+
|
S + would/should + be + 3 comp
|
-
|
S + would/should + not + V1 + O
|
-
|
S + would/should + not + be + 3 comp
|
?
|
Would/should + S + V1 + O ?
|
?
|
Would/should + S + be + 3 comp ?
|
Example :
Verbal : (+)
I would come to see my grand parents in jakarta last week.
(- ) I would not come to see my grand parents in
jakarta last week.
(?) Would I come to see my grand parents in jakarta
last week?
Non-verbal: (+) The mouse would be dead after it ate
the poisoned cheese last night.
(-)
The mouse would not be dead after it ate the poisoned cheese last night.
(?)Would the
mouse be dead after it ate the poisoned cheese last night?
Keterangan waktu (Time Signals)
Untuk
keterangan waktu pada fungsi tenses yang pertama sama dengan keterangan waktu
pada simple past tense, sedangkan
pada fungsi yang kedua sama dengan simple
present tense.
14. PAST FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
Kegunaan (function)
-
Untuk menyatakan suatu rencana yang seharusnya
sedang terjadi diwaktu lampau.
Rumus (forms)
Verbal Non-verbal
+
|
S + would/should + be + Ving + O
|
Rumusnya sama dengan rumus past future
dengan mencantumkan time signal-nya.
|
-
|
S + would/should + not + be + Ving + O
|
|
?
|
Would/should + S + be + Ving + O?
|
Example :
Verbal : (+)
Padi band would be singing in jombang last night at 8 o’clock.
(- ) Padi band would not be singing in jombang last
night at 8 o’clock.
(?)Would Padi band be singing in jombang last night at
8 o’clock ?
Keterangan waktu (Time Signals)
Untuk
keterangan waktu pada tenses ini adalah sama dengan past continuous tense.
15. PAST FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
Kegunaan (function)
-
Untuk menyatakan suatu aktivitas yang seharusnya
telah selesai dilakukan diwaktu lampau.
-
Untuk menyatakan Conditional Sentence type 3
(kalimat bersyarat), untuk menyatakan suatu pengandaian yang tidak mungkin
bakal terjadi.
Rumus (forms)
Verbal Non-verbal
+
|
S + would/should +have+ V3+ O
|
+
|
S+would/should +have+ been+ 3comp
|
-
|
S + would/should + not +have + V3 + O
|
-
|
S + would/should + not + have + been +
3 comp
|
?
|
Would/should + S + have + V3 + O ?
|
?
|
Would/should +S+have+been +3 comp?
|
Example :
Verbal : (+)
You would have cleaned the grass around the house.
(- ) You would not have cleaned the grass around the
house.
(?) Would you have cleaned the grass arond the house?
Non-verbal: (+) All merchandises would have been in
distributors.
(-)
All merchandises would not have been in distributors.
(?)Would all
merchandises have been in distributors?
Keterangan waktu (Time Signals)
Keterangan
waktu yang digunakan dalam tenses ini adalah keterangan waktu yang digunakan
dalam tenses simple past dan future perfect.
16. PAST FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Kegunaan (function)
-
Untuk menyatakan suatu aktivitas yang seharusnya
telah berlangsung dalam jangka waktu tertentu di waktu lampau.
Rumus (forms)
Verbal Non-verbal
+
|
S + would/should+have+been+Ving + O
|
Rumusnya sama dengan rumus past future
perfect.
|
-
|
S +would/should+not+have+been+Ving + O
|
|
?
|
Would/should + S+have+been +Ving+ O?
|
Example :
Verbal : (+)
He would have been teaching at university for 2 years.
(- ) He would not have been teaching at university for
2 years.
(?) Would He have been teaching at university for 2
years?
Keterangan waktu (Time Signals)
Untuk keterangan waktunya sama dengan past future tense dan future perfect tense.
